- Kinetic theory of gases
Postulates, Derivation of expression for pressure of a gas. (PV = 1/3mnc2)
Deduction of gas laws, Boyle's law, Charle's law, Graham's law of diffusion and Dalton's
law of partial pressures. Expression for Kinetic energy and RMS velocities of gases
(problems based on these) Ideal and real gases. Deviation of real gases from ideal
behaviour. Derivation of Van der Waal's equation.
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Stochiometry
Mole concept and Avogadro number,
Problems.
Atomic weight: Definition with
evaluation of atomic weight by Dulong and Petit's law, Problems. Equivalent weight of
elements ; definition, methods of determination of hydrogen displacement, oxide and
chloride methods, problems. Equivalent weights of acids and bases, oxidising,
reducing agents. Concept of normality, molality and molarity. Volumetric analysis:
Calulations involving acid-base and red-ox titrations, Problems. Empirical and Molecular
formula from % composition, problems. Relation between vapour density and molecular
weight. Molecular weight of oxygen and carbon dioxide and volatile liquids, Victor Meyer's
method, problems
Atomic structure
Fundamental particles, Rutherford's
model of the atom. Bohr's theory-postulates (derivation of expression of energy and radius
to be omitted) spectrum of Hydrogen Balmer, Lyman and Brackett series. Explanation on the
basis of Bhor's theory. Quantum numbers - Orbital concepts. Shape of s.p.d. orbital,
Pauli's exclusive principle. Hund's rule. Electronic configuration of atoms
Long form of periodic table
Based on electronic configuration of
elements-periodic properties - ionisation energy and electron affinity, atomic and ionic
radii.
Chemical Bonding
Types of bonding, Covalent bond -
orbital overlap, p-p (Cl2), s-s(H2). Sigma & Pi
bonds. Hybrid orbital. Shapes of different molecules, Hydrogen bonding - anamolous
properties of water.
Specific Matter
Ozone: Preparation and properties, Ozon layer.
Hydrogen peroxide: preparation, concentration, properties and uses.
Sulphur: Preparation, properties and uses of SO2, Manufacture of H2SO4
by contact process, properties and uses. Nitrogen: Nitric acid - Manufacture by
Ostwald's process, properties and uses. Nitrogenous fertilizers - manufacture of ammonium
sulphate from gypsum, CAN, urea, Nitrogen cycle.
Halogens: Preparation, properties and uses of flourine. Manufacture of chlorine
(Nelson cell) - properties and uses. Bromine from sea water. Iodine from sea weeds.
Carbon: Activated carbon. Commericial production, properties and uses of carbon
monoxide.
Silicon: Occurrance, preparation, semiconducting properties (n and p type) ,
silicate glasses.
Phosphorus: Occurrance, manufacture (electrothermal process) Structure of
oxyacids of phosphorus. Super phosphate of lime.
Ceramics: Clay properties - white pottery (porcelain's process or china process)
Applications.
Organic Chemistry
(IUPAC nomenclature to be adopted)
Aliphatic hydrocarbons:
saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Preparation, properties and uses of methane,
ethylene and acetylene - homologous series
Isomerism - chain, functional
and position
Concepts of free radicals -
electrophiles and nucleophiles to be illustrated with the study of mechanism involving -
chlorination of methane, addition of
bromine to ethylene and addition of hydrogen chloride to propylene (Markownikoff's rule)
Petroleum - Theory of
formation, cracking (catalytic and thermal) fractionation, synthetic petrol
Destructive distillation of coal
- separation of benzene, toluene, naphthalene from coal tar.Structure of benzene.
Properties of benzene and toluene. Mechanism of halogenation, nitration, sulphonation and
Friedel - craft's alkylation
Biogas- Production and uses.
Environmental Pollution
Pollutants, definition - types of pollution, air - Automobile exhaust smoke, CO, oxides of
nitrogen and lead. water - Industrial effluents with relevance to paper and rayon
industries.
Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry
Law of conservation of energy - Mechanical work done. Isothermal and adiabatic changes -
concept of enthalpy - enthalpy of reaction, formation, solution, combustion, transition
and neutralisation - constancy of enthalpy of neutralisation of a strong acid and a strong
base, Thermochemical equations - Laplace - Lavoisier law - Hess's law. Problems
Chemical Equilibrium
Law of mass action, appication of law of mass action to the following systems:
i) 2HI <==> H2 + I2
ii) N2 + 3H2 <==> 2NH3
Derivation of KP for both reactions
Le-Chatelier's principle and its application to the synthesis of Ammoinia.
Free energy change - standard free energies - Idea of a system tending to attain a state
of minimum free energy and maximum entropy. Relationship between free energy change and
equilibrium constant. Problems
Reaction Kinetics
Order and molecularity of a reaction. Derivation of the equation for the velocity constant
of a first order reaction - Half life period - Relationship between half life period and
order of the reaction - Experimental study of the acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate.
Influence of temperature on the velocity of a reaction - Arrhenius theory - Arrhenius
factor and energy of activation. Problems
Surface Chemistry
Adsorption - Distinction between adsorption and absorption. Types of adsorption -
adsorption of gases on solids.
Collids - Distinction between colloids and crystalloids - classification, preparation of
collids (electrical and chemical methods, one method each), Purification by dialysis -
Proerties: Tyndall effect and Brownian movement. Application in food, medicine,
precipitaion of smoke. Catalysis - Characteristics - Influence of catalyst on reaction
path. Theories of catalysis
Electrochemistry
Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation - merits and demerits. Ionic conduction by
migration. Definition of specific, equivalent and molar conductivities - strong and
weak electrolytes. Acids and bases - Bronsted - Lowry concept - Lewis concept. Acid-Base
quilibria, Hydrogen ion concentration - pH scale - pK values. Buffers - Buffer equation
(Henderson's equation to be assumed). Importance of buffer solutions. Ionic equilibria -
solubility product, common ion effect. Applications of solubility product in qualitative
analysis. Electrode potential - Nernst equation to be assued, Standard electrode potential
- Hydrogen electrode - Electro-chemical series and its significance - corrosion of metals.
Problems
Solids
Types of solids - radius ratio (r+ / r-), coordination number - unit cell. Stucture of
ionic crystals. Ionic radii - imperfections in solids - superconductivity.
Radioactivity
Natural radioactivity - Properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations - rate of
disintegration - Half life period - Isotopes - seperation by thermal diffusion method.
Artificial radioactivity - Rutherford's artificial nuclear reaction. Explanation of
artificial radioactivity, Preparation and uses of artificial radioactive isotopes,
Radioactive dating, Elementary account of fission and fusion.
Metallurgy
General principles of metallurgy - Concetration of ores (gravity process, magnetic
serparation and froth flotation) - Extraction of crude metal (pyrometallurgy,
hydrometallurgy and electrometallurg), Refining (Liquation, poling, electrolytic method)
Occurrence, extraction, properties and uses of Sodium, Copper, Aluminium and Iron. Role of
iron and sodium in biological systems. Manufacture of steel by LD process, Properties of
steel (carbon content) Heat treatment - alloy steels.
Co-ordination Compounds
Postulates of Werner's theory - Sidgwick's interpretation - concept of EAN using Potassium
ferrocyanide, potassium ferricyanide and cuprammonium sulphate.
Manufacture, properties, uses of Sodium
hydroxide (Nelson's cell), Sodium Carbonate - Alum.
Organic Chemistry
Preparation, Properties and Uses of the following: Alkyl halides 1) Ethyl bromide and
isopropyl chloride 2) Vinyl chloride
Aromatice halogen compounds: 1) Chlorobenzene and benzyl chloride, comparision of
reactives with alkyl halides. 2) Grignard reagent and its sysnthetic applications.
Alcohols - Ethyl alcohol (Manufacture from molasses), Benzyl alcohol
Phenol. Aldehydes and ketones - Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Benzaldehyde, Acetone,
Acetophenone. Acids - Formic, Acetic, Benzoic, Salicylic acids. Esters - Ethyl acetate,
Ethyl benzoate, Amines - Methylamine, Aniline
Polymers
Classification - Synthetic and natural, preparation and uses of polythene, nylon,
terylene.
Natural rubber.
Carbohydrates
Classifiction - Monosaccharides - open and ring structre of glucose, fructose, galactose.
Oligosaccharides - Ring structure of sucrose, maltose and lactose. Polysaccharides -
Partial representation of structure of cellulose, starch and glycogen - Carbohydrates as a
source of energy.
Oils & Fats
Chemical nature of fatty acids - saturated and unsaturated fatty acids - Examples.
Triglycerides - General structure of triglycerides - Hydrolysis with acid and
saponification. Rancidity - Refining and hydrogenation of oils - drying oils.
Proteins
Amino acids as building units of proteins. General structure of amino acids such as
glycine, alanine, serine, cysteine, aspartic acid, lysine,tyrosine, peptide linkage.
Functional properties of proteins as enzymes, antibodies, transport agents, biochemical
messengers (hormones-insulin and oxytocin) and structural material.
Nucleic Acids
Types - DNA and RNA - Components - purine and pyrimidine bases, sugars and phosphates -
Biological importance of nucleic acids.
Chemotherapy
Antipyretics - Aspirin, Antibiotics - Penicillin, Analgesics - Paracetamol.
Antiseptic - chloroxylenol (dettol), Antimalarial - chloroquine Tranquilizers - Barbituric
acid. Structure and uses of the above.
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